USELESS SCIENCE THAT ENDED UP USEFUL

• The Principle of Limited Sloppiness is a phrase used to describe fortuitous or accidental discoveries (we're talking screwups) that actually helped humankind.  The best-known example was by Alexander Fleming.  Halfway through an experiment with bacteria, he up and went on vacation.  Slob that he was, he left a dirty petri dish in the lab sink.  When he got back, he found bacteria had grown all over the plate, except in an area where mold had formed.  That discovery led to two things:  1)penicillin and  2)Mrs. Fleming hiring a maid.  Here are more examples:
• Inventor: A Dutch shipmaster.   Year: 16th century.  What Happened: He used heat to concentrate wine in order tomake it easier to transport, with the idea of adding water to reconstitute it when he arrived.   Big Discovery: Concentrated wine is better than watered-down wine.   As A Result: "Burnt wine", or "brandewijn" in Dutch, became a big hit.  Call it brandy, since after a few drinks of the stuff, there's no way you can pronounce brandewijn so a bartender can understand what you're ordering.
• Inventor: Horace Wells.   Year: 1844.    What Happened: In its salad days, nitrous oxide was strictly a party toy, since it made people howl like hyenas.  But a friend of the dentist took too much of the stuff at a laughing-gas stage show and gashed his leg.   Big Discovery:  The friend hadn't realized he'd hurt himself.   As A Result: Nitrous oxide became an early form of anesthesia.
• Inventor: Constantin Fahlberg and Ira Remsen.    Year: 1879.  What Happened: After spending the day studying coal tar derivatives, Fahlberg left hisjohns hopkins laboratory and went to dinner.   Big Discovery: Something he ate tasted particularly sweet, which he traced to a chemical compound he'd spilled on his hand.  Best of all, it turned out to be calorie-free.  As A Result: He cut Remsen and the university out of  millions of dollars when he secretly patented the breakthrough discovery, saccharin.
• Inventor: James Wright.   Year: 1943.  What Happened: During the war years, the General Electric engineer combined silicone oil and boric acid in an attempt to find a cheap alternative to rubber for tank treads, boots, etc.    Big Discovery: It didn't work.  But the scientists had a blast bouncing and streching his mistake, when they weren't using it to transfer comics onto paper.      As A Result: Kids had a blast playing with the Silly Putty too.
• Inventor: Thomas Adams.    Year: 1870.   What Happened: He was experimenting with chicle, the sap from South American tree, as a substitute for rubber.  After mounting failures, the dejected inventor popped a piece into his mouth.     Big Discovery: He liked it!   As A Result: Adams New York No. 1 became the first mass-produced chewing gum in the world.
• Inventor: Percy Spencer.    Year: 1946.   What Happened: With the end of World War 2, the Raytheon engineer was looking for other uses for theagtron, which generated the microwaves for radar systems.  While Spencer was standing next to the device one day, a chocolate bar in his pocket melted.   Big Discovery: The magnetron worked even better on popcorn.   As A Result: Orville Redenbacher became very rich.
• Inventor: William Perkin.   Year: 1856.  What Happened: He was intent on discovering a cure for one of the deadliest diseases in the world, malaria.    Big Discovery: While trying to replicate the malaria fighter quinine in his laboratory, Perkin inadvertently discovered the color mauve instead.   As A Result: Perkin forgot about malaria and made a mint establishing the synthetic dye industry.
• Inventor: Alastair and Jean Carruthers.   Year: 1987.   What Happened: The couple were using small does of a deadly toxin to treat "crossed eyes" eyelid spasms and other eye-muscle disorders when they noticed an interesting side effect.    Big Discovery: Wrinkles magically disappeared.     As A Result: The expressionsless face became the "it" look, thanks to botox.
• Inventor: Scientists at Pfizer.    Year: 1992.     What Happened: A Welsh hamlet was ground zero for a test on a pill to fight angina.  Unfortunately for the afflicted, it had little success against the disease.     Big Discovery: Though it didn't work, the men taking part in the study refused to give up their medicine.    As A Result: The scientists switched gears and marketed the drug, Viagra, for a very different purpose.